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To recall a thing to memory

  • 1 remember

    transitive verb
    1) (keep in memory) denken an (+ Akk.); (bring to mind) sich erinnern an (+ Akk.)

    remember who/where you are! — vergiss nicht, wer/wo du bist

    I can't remember the word I want — das Wort, das ich brauche, fällt mir gerade nicht ein

    I remembered to bring the book — ich habe daran gedacht, das Buch mitzubringen

    if I remember correctly — (abs.) wenn ich mich recht erinnere

    2) (convey greetings from) grüßen
    * * *
    [ri'membə]
    1) (to keep in the mind, or to bring back into the mind after forgetting for a time: I remember you - we met three years ago; I remember watching the first men landing on the moon; Remember to telephone me tonight; I don't remember where I hid it.) sich erinnern an
    2) (to reward or make a present to: He remembered her in his will.) bedenken
    3) (to pass (a person's) good wishes (to someone): Remember me to your parents.) grüßen
    •
    - academic.ru/61403/remembrance">remembrance
    * * *
    re·mem·ber
    [rɪˈmembəʳ, AM -ɚ]
    I. vt
    1. (recall)
    ▪ to \remember sb/sth sich akk an jdn/etw erinnern; (memorize)
    ▪ to \remember sth sich dat etw merken
    I find it easy to \remember people's faces ich kann mir Gesichter von Leuten gut merken
    I never \remember her birthday ich denke nie an ihren Geburtstag
    ▪ to be \remembered for sth für etw akk bekannt sein
    she will be \remembered for her courage ihr Mut wird für immer im Gedächtnis bleiben
    he was \remembered as being a very outgoing and helpful person man erinnerte sich an ihn als an einen sehr offenen und hilfsbereiten Menschen
    ▪ to \remember doing sth sich akk daran erinnern, etw getan zu haben
    ▪ to \remember sb/sth doing sth sich akk daran erinnern, dass jd/etw etw getan hat
    ▪ to \remember oneself sich akk benehmen [o fam zusammenreißen
    ▪ to \remember sb/sth einer Person/einer S. gen gedenken
    3. (give a present)
    ▪ to \remember sb jdn beschenken
    ▪ to \remember sb with sth jdm etw hinterlassen [o vermachen
    ▪ to \remember sb to sb jdn von jdm grüßen
    please \remember me to your parents bitte grüß deine Eltern von mir!
    ▪ to be \remembered to sb ( esp form) jdn grüßen lassen, jdm Grüße bestellen
    II. vi
    1. (recall) sich akk erinnern
    I can't \remember ich kann mich nicht erinnern
    it was a night to \remember es war eine Nacht, die man nicht vergisst
    it's on the tip of my tongue — I'll \remember in a minute es liegt mir auf der Zunge — es fällt mir gleich wieder ein
    ▪ to \remember [that]... sich akk daran erinnern, [dass]...
    ▪ to \remember what/who/why... sich akk daran erinnern, was/wer/warum...
    can you \remember what her telephone number is? weißt du ihre Telefonnummer noch?
    please [or will you] \remember that... denk bitte daran, dass...
    please [or will you] \remember to do sth denk bitte daran, etw zu tun
    we had tea in the little cafe — you \remember the one next to the bookshop wir tranken Tee in dem kleinen Cafe — du weißt schon, das neben der Buchhandlung
    Henry the Eighth, you will \remember, executed three of his wives Heinrich der Achte hat, wie Sie wissen, drei seiner Frauen hinrichten lassen
    * * *
    [rɪ'membə(r)]
    1. vt
    1) (= recall) sich erinnern an (+acc); (= bear in mind) denken an (+acc); (= learn) formula, facts, vocabulary sich (dat) merken

    I remember that he was very tall — ich erinnere mich (daran), dass er sehr groß war

    I remember her as a young girl or when she was young — ich erinnere mich noch, wie sie als kleines Mädchen war

    we must remember that he's only a child — wir sollten bedenken or daran denken, dass er noch ein Kind ist

    to remember to do sth — daran denken, etw zu tun

    I remember doing it — ich erinnere mich daran, dass ich es getan habe

    I can't remember the word at the moment —

    I've just remembered his name don't you remember me? — mir ist gerade sein Name wieder eingefallen erinnern Sie sich nicht an mich?

    here's something to remember me by — da hast du etwas, das dich (immer) an mich erinnern wird

    do you remember when...? (reminiscing) — weißt du noch, als...?; (asking facts) weißt du (noch), wann...?

    I don't remember a thing about it — ich kann mich überhaupt nicht daran erinnern; (about lecture, book) ich weiß nichts mehr davon

    remember where/who you are! — denken Sie daran or bedenken Sie, wo/wer Sie sind!

    to get oneself remembered —

    2) (= commemorate) the fallen, a battle gedenken (+gen)

    = give good wishes to) remember me to your mother — grüßen Sie Ihre Mutter von mir

    2. vi
    sich erinnern

    I can't remember — ich weiß das nicht mehr, ich habs vergessen

    not as far as I remember —

    * * *
    remember [rıˈmembə(r)]
    A v/t
    1. sich entsinnen (gen), sich besinnen auf (akk), sich erinnern an (akk):
    remember doing sth sich daran erinnern, etwas getan zu haben;
    I remember him as a young boy ich habe ihn als kleinen Jungen in Erinnerung;
    do you remember me?, umg remember me? kennst du mich noch?;
    it was an event to remember es war ein denkwürdiges Ereignis;
    a sight to remember ein unvergesslicher Anblick;
    get o.s. remembered sich in Erinnerung bringen
    2. sich etwas merken, nicht vergessen, eingedenk sein (gen), denken an (akk), beherzigen:
    I must remember this das muss ich mir merken;
    remember what I tell you denke daran oder vergiss nicht, was ich dir sage;
    please remember to post my letter bitte vergiss nicht, meinen Brief aufzugeben;
    remember sth against sb jemandem etwas nachtragen
    3. (auswendig) können oder wissen
    4. denken an jemanden (weil man ihm etwas schenken will etc)
    5. remember sb in one’s will jemanden in seinem Testament bedenken
    6. remember sb in one’s prayers jemanden in sein Gebet einschließen
    7. jemanden empfehlen, grüßen von:
    please remember me kindly to your wife grüßen Sie bitte Ihre Gattin (von mir)
    B v/i sich (daran) erinnern oder entsinnen:
    if I remember rightly wenn ich mich recht entsinne;
    not that I remember nicht, dass ich wüsste
    * * *
    transitive verb
    1) (keep in memory) denken an (+ Akk.); (bring to mind) sich erinnern an (+ Akk.)

    remember who/where you are! — vergiss nicht, wer/wo du bist

    I can't remember the word I want — das Wort, das ich brauche, fällt mir gerade nicht ein

    I remembered to bring the book — ich habe daran gedacht, das Buch mitzubringen

    if I remember correctly — (abs.) wenn ich mich recht erinnere

    * * *
    v.
    daran denken ausdr.
    erinnern v.
    sich erinnern v.

    English-german dictionary > remember

  • 2 call

    A n
    1 Telecom appel m (téléphonique) (from de) ; business call appel professionnel ; private ou personal call appel privé ; (tele)phone call appel m (téléphonique) ; I have a call for you j'ai un appel pour vous ; to make a call appeler, téléphoner ; to make a call to Italy appeler l'Italie, téléphoner en Italie ; to receive/take a call recevoir/prendre un appel ; to give sb a call appeler qn ; to return sb's call rappeler qn ; to put a call through to sb passer un appel à qn ;
    2 ( audible cry) ( human) appel m (for à) ; ( animal) cri m ; to give sb a call appeler qn ;
    3 ( summons) appel m, this is the last call for passengers to Berlin Aviat ceci est le dernier appel pour les passagers à destination de Berlin ; this is your ten minute call Theat en scène dans dix minutes ; to put out a call for sb ( over public address) faire appeler qn ; ( over radio) lancer un appel à qn ; the Red Cross has put out a call for blankets la Croix Rouge a lancé un appel pour obtenir des couvertures ;
    4 ( visit) visite f ; social call visite f de courtoisie ; to make ou pay a call lit rendre visite (on à) ; to pay a call euph aller aux toilettes ; to return sb's call rendre sa visite à qn ;
    5 ( demand) demande f ; the strikers' call for a pay rise la demande d'augmentation de salaire de la part des grévistes ; there were calls for his resignation sa démission a été réclamée ; a call for reform une demande de réforme ; she has many calls on her time elle est très sollicitée ; there's no call for it Comm il n'y a pas de demande (pour cet article) ; we don't get much call for that nous n'avons guère de demande pour cela ; to have first call on sth avoir la priorité sur qch ;
    6 ( need) there's no call for sth/to do il n'y a pas de raison pour qch/de faire ; there was no call for her to say that elle n'avait aucune raison or aucun besoin de dire cela ;
    7 ( allure) (of mountains, sea, the unknown) appel m (of de) ;
    8 Sport décision f ;
    9 Fin ( for repayment of loan) demande f de remboursement ; ( request) appel m ; ( right to buy) option f d'achat ; money at ou on call argent à court terme or au jour le jour ; on three months' call à trois mois ; payable at call remboursable sur présentation or à vue ; a call for capital/tenders un appel de fonds/d'offres ;
    10 ( duty) to be on call [doctor] être de garde ; [engineer] être de service ;
    11 Relig ( vocation) vocation f.
    B vtr
    1 ( say loudly) ( also call out) appeler [name, number] ; crier [answer, instructions] ; annoncer [result] ; Games parier [heads, tails] ; annoncer [flight] ; to call the register Sch faire l'appel ; he called (out) ‘Goodbye’ il a crié ‘au revoir’ ;
    2 ( summon) appeler [lift] ; ( by shouting) appeler [person, animal, witness] ; ( by phone) appeler [person, police, taxi] ; ( by letter) convoquer [applicant, candidate] ; he was called before the committee il a été convoqué devant la commission ; the boss called me into his office le chef m'a fait venir dans son bureau ; the police were called to the scene la police a été appelée sur les lieux ; I've called you a taxi je vous ai appelé un taxi ; come when you're called venez quand on vous appelle ; call the next witness appelez le témoin suivant ; you may be called to give evidence il se peut que vous soyez convoqué pour témoigner ;
    3 ( telephone) ( also call up) appeler [person, institution, number] (at à ; from de) ; don't call us, we'll call you hum (n'appelez pas) nous vous appellerons ;
    4 ( give a name) appeler [person, baby, animal, place, product] (by par) ; intituler [book, film, music, play] ; she prefers to be called by her maiden name elle préfère qu'on l'appelle par son nom de jeune fille ;
    5 ( arrange) organiser [strike] ; convoquer [conference, meeting, rehearsal] ; fixer [election] ;
    6 ( waken) réveiller [person] ; what time shall I call you in the morning? à quelle heure voulez-vous que je vous réveille? ;
    7 ( describe as) to call sb stupid/a liar traiter qn d'imbécile/de menteur/-euse ; I wouldn't call it spacious/beautiful je ne dirais pas que c'est vaste/beau ; do you call that plate clean? tu appelles ça une assiette propre? ; it's not what you'd call an exciting film on ne peut pas dire que ce film soit passionnant ; it's what you might call a delicate situation c'est ce qui s'appelle une situation délicate ; call that a garden ○ ! tu appelles ça un jardin! ; call it what you will appelle ça comme tu veux ; parapsychology or whatever they ou you call it ○ la métapsychologie ou quelque chose dans ce goût-là ○ ; (let's) call it £5 disons cinq livres sterling ; he hasn't a place to call his own il n'a pas de chez-lui ;
    8 Sport [referee, linesman] déclarer ; the linesman called the ball in le juge de ligne a déclaré que la balle était bonne ;
    9 Fin demander le remboursement de [loan] ;
    10 Comput appeler [file, program].
    C vi
    1 ( cry out) ( also call out) [person, animal] appeler ; ( louder) crier ; [bird] crier ; London calling Radio ici Londres ;
    2 ( telephone) appeler ; where are you calling from? d'où appelez-vous? ; I'm calling about your advertisement j'appelle au sujet de votre annonce ; thank you for calling merci d'avoir appelé ; please call back in an hour rappelez dans une heure s'il vous plaît, veuillez rappeler dans une heure fml ; to call home appeler chez soi or à la maison ; who's calling? qui est à l'appareil? ;
    3 ( visit) passer ; to call at [person] passer chez [person, shop] ; [person] passer à [bank, library, town] ; [train] s'arrêter à [town, station] ; [boat] faire escale à [port] ; the London train calling at Reading and Slough le train à destination de Londres desservant les gares de Reading et Slough ;
    4 (tossing coins, racquet) parier ; you call, heads or tails? à toi de parier, pile ou face?
    D v refl to call oneself se faire appeler [Smith, Bob] ; ( claim to be) se dire, se prétendre [poet, designer] ; he calls himself a writer but… il se dit or se prétend écrivain mais… ; call yourself a sailor ○ ? et tu te prétends marin? ; I am proud to call myself European je suis fier d'être européen.
    it was a close call c'était de justesse.
    ■ call away:
    ▶ call [sb] away appeler ; to be called away être obligé de s'absenter.
    ■ call back:
    1 ( on phone) rappeler ;
    2 ( return) repasser ;
    ▶ call [sb] back
    1 (summon by shouting, phone back) rappeler [person] ;
    2 ( recall) rappeler [representative, diplomat].
    ■ call by passer.
    ■ call down:
    ▶ call down ( shout from above) appeler ;
    ▶ call down [sth], call [sth] down appeler [blessing, curse, vengeance] (on sur).
    ■ call for:
    ▶ call for [sth]
    1 ( shout) appeler à [help] ; appeler [ambulance, doctor] ;
    2 ( demand) [person] demander [food, drink, equipment, tool] ; [report, article, politician, protesters] réclamer [changes, improvements] ; they are calling for talks to be extended ils réclament la prolongation des négociations ;
    3 ( require) [situation, problem, conditions] exiger [treatment, skill, action, understanding] ; nécessiter [change, intervention, improvements] ; this calls for a celebration! ça se fête! ; that was not called for c'était déplacé ;
    4 ( collect) passer prendre [person] ; passer chercher [object].
    ▶ call forth [sth], call [sth] forth susciter.
    ■ call in:
    ▶ call in
    1 ( visit) passer ;
    2 ( telephone) appeler ; to call in sick [employee] appeler pour dire qu'on est malade ;
    ▶ call in [sb], call [sb] in
    1 lit ( summon inside) faire rentrer [person, animal] ; faire entrer [candidate, client, patient] ;
    2 ( send for) faire appel à [expert, police, engineer] ;
    ▶ call in [sth], call [sth] in
    1 ( recall) demander le retour de [library book, ticket, surplus, supplies] ; retirer [qch] de la circulation [currency] ; retirer [qch] du commerce [product] ;
    2 Fin demander le remboursement de [loan].
    ■ call off:
    ▶ call off [sth], call [sth] off
    1 lit rappeler [dog, attacker] ;
    2 fig ( halt) interrompre [arrangement, deal, plan, search, investigation, strike] ; ( cancel) annuler [show, meeting, wedding] ; to call off one's engagement rompre ses fiançailles ; to call off a strike annuler un ordre de grève ; let's call the whole thing off laissons tomber.
    ■ call on:
    ▶ call on [sb/sth]
    1 ( visit) ( also call in on) rendre visite à [relative, friend] ; visiter [patient, client] ;
    2 ( invite) demander à [speaker, lecturer] (to do de faire) ;
    3 ( urge) demander à (to do de faire) ; ( stronger) enjoindre fml (to do de faire) ; he called on his colleagues to oppose it il a demandé à ses collègues de s'y opposer ;
    4 (appeal to, resort to) s'adresser à [person] ; avoir recours à [services] ; faire appel à [moral quality] ; neighbours she can call on des voisins à qui elle peut s'adresser ; we will call on your services nous aurons recours à vos services ; you will have to call on all your patience and courage il faudra faire appel à toute ta patience et tout ton courage.
    ■ call out:
    ▶ call out ( cry aloud) appeler ; ( louder) crier ;
    ▶ call out [sb], call [sb] out
    1 ( summon outside) appeler ; the teacher called me out to the front of the class le professeur m'a fait venir devant le reste de la classe ;
    2 ( send for) appeler [expert, doctor, emergency service, repairman, troops] ;
    3 Ind [union] lancer un ordre de grève à [members] ; to call sb out on strike lancer un ordre de grève à qn ;
    ▶ call [sth] out, call out [sth] appeler [name, number].
    ■ call over:
    ▶ call over to [sb] appeler ;
    ▶ call [sb] over appeler.
    ■ call round ( visit) venir.
    ■ call up:
    ▶ call up appeler ;
    ▶ call up [sb/sth], call [sb/sth] up
    1 ( on phone) appeler ;
    2 ( summon) appeler [reserves, reinforcements] ; appeler [qn] sous les drapeaux [soldier] ; invoquer [ghost, spirit] ;
    3 ( evoke) rappeler [memory, past event, scene] ;
    4 Comput appeler (à l'écran), afficher [data, file, menu] ;
    5 Sport sélectionner [player].

    Big English-French dictionary > call

  • 3 Knowledge

       It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)
       It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.
       But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reflection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)
       Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).
       Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])
       Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....
       This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)
       Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)
       Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)
       "Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.
       Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge

  • 4 Concepts

       From a psychological perspective, concepts are mental representations of classes (e.g., one's beliefs about the class of dogs or tables), and their most salient function is to promote cognitive economy.... By partitioning the world into classes, we decrease the amount of information we must perceive, learn, remember, communicate, and reason about. Thus, if we had no concepts, we would have to refer to each individual entity by its own name; every different table, for example, would be denoted by a different word. The mental lexicon required would be so enormous that communication as we know it might be impossible. Other mental functions might collapse under the sheer number of entities we would have to keep track of.
       Another important function of concepts is that they enable us to go beyond the information given.... When we come across an object, say a wolf, we have direct knowledge only of its appearance. It is essential that we go beyond appearances and bring to bear other knowledge that we have, such as our belief that wolves can bite and inflict severe injury. Concepts are our means of linking perceptual and nonperceptual information. We use a perceptual description of the creature in front of us to access the concept wolf and then use our nonperceptual beliefs to direct our behavior, that is, run. Concepts, then, are recognition devices; they serve as entry points into our knowledge stores and provide us with expectations that we can use to guide our actions.
       A third important function of concepts is that they can be combined to form complex concepts and thoughts. Stoves and burn are two simple concepts; Stoves can burn is a full-fledged thought. Presumably our understanding of this thought, and of complex concepts in general, is based on our understanding of the constituent concepts. (Smith, 1988, pp. 19-20)
       The concept may be a butterfly. It may be a person he has known. It may be an animal, a city, a type of action, or a quality. Each concept calls for a name. These names are wanted for what may be a noun or a verb, an adjective or an adverb. Concepts of this type have been formed gradually over the years from childhood on. Each time a thing is seen or heard or experienced, the individual has a perception of it. A part of that perception comes from his own concomitant interpretation. Each successive perception forms and probably alters the permanent concept. And words are acquired gradually, also, and deposited somehow in the treasure-house of word memory.... Words are often acquired simultaneously with the concepts.... A little boy may first see a butterfly fluttering from flower to flower in a meadow. Later he sees them on the wing or in pictures, many times. On each occasion he adds to his conception of butterfly.
       It becomes a generalization from many particulars. He builds up a concept of a butterfly which he can remember and summon at will, although when he comes to manhood, perhaps, he can recollect none of the particular butterflies of past experience.
       The same is true of the sequence of sound that makes up a melody. He remembers it after he has forgotten each of the many times he heard or perhaps sang or played it. The same is true of colours. He acquires, quite quickly, the concept of lavender, although all the objects of which he saw the colour have faded beyond the frontier of voluntary recall. The same is true of the generalization he forms of an acquaintance. Later on he can summon his concept of the individual without recalling their many meetings. (Penfield, 1959, pp. 228-229)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Concepts

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